隨著公眾健康意識的增強(qiáng)，人們對乙肝疫苗的接受程度也越來越高，但是不是注射了乙肝疫苗就一定不會感染上乙肝呢？

With the increase of public health awareness, people's acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine is also getting higher and higher, but if you don’t get hepatitis B vaccine, you will not be infected with hepatitis B?

The answer is negative.

必須注意的是，注射疫苗后產(chǎn)生足夠濃度的抗體才會對肝臟產(chǎn)生很好的保護(hù)性。所以注射了乙肝疫苗（三針后）一定要去化驗(yàn)確定產(chǎn)生抗體，如果沒有產(chǎn)生抗體或乙肝抗體的滴度沒有達(dá)到足夠的水平，就需要再打乙肝疫苗加強(qiáng)針。下面談?wù)効赡艹霈F(xiàn)的幾個(gè)問題。

It must be noted that a sufficient concentration of antibodies produced after the injection of the vaccine will be very protective to the liver. Therefore, after the injection of the hepatitis B vaccine (after three injections), you must go to the laboratory to determine the production of antibodies. If the antibody is not produced or the titer of hepatitis B antibody does not reach a sufficient level, you need to get a booster shot of hepatitis B vaccine. Let's talk about a few problems that may arise.

Not all people develop antibodies after the vaccine

一般來說，乙肝疫苗注射第一針后大概有30%左右的人產(chǎn)生抗體，此時(shí)產(chǎn)生的抗體量很少，維持時(shí)間也短。第二針后有50%～70%的人產(chǎn)生抗體。第三針后90%左右的人產(chǎn)生抗體。

對不產(chǎn)生抗體的人則加大注射劑量，但仍然有5%～10%的人會出現(xiàn)無應(yīng)答或弱應(yīng)答，無法抵御乙肝病毒的侵襲。

Generally speaking, about 30% of people develop antibodies after the first injection of hepatitis B vaccine. At this time, the amount of antibodies produced is very small and the maintenance time is short. After the second injection, 50% to 70% of people develop antibodies. About 90% of people develop antibodies after the third injection. For people who do not produce antibodies, increase the injection dose, but 5% to 10% of people will still have no response or weak response, unable to resist the invasion of hepatitis B virus.

調(diào)查顯示，接種時(shí)年齡大、嗜酒、吸煙、父母親接種后無應(yīng)答、肥胖等情況均為乙肝疫苗免疫無應(yīng)答的危險(xiǎn)因素。中老年人生理機(jī)能減退，機(jī)體免疫識別和應(yīng)答能力降低，是造成高齡者無應(yīng)答的原因。父母親接種后無應(yīng)答，其子女也存在無應(yīng)答現(xiàn)象，提示免疫應(yīng)答的發(fā)生可能與遺傳有關(guān)系。吸煙嗜酒會降低機(jī)體的體液和細(xì)胞免疫功能，會導(dǎo)致免疫應(yīng)答差。

The survey shows that old age at the time of vaccination, alcoholism, smoking, parental non-response after vaccination, obesity, etc. are all risk factors for non-response to hepatitis B vaccine. The decline in physiological functions of middle-aged and elderly people and the reduced ability of the body's immune recognition and response are the causes of non-response in the elderly. Parents did not respond after vaccination, and their children also did not respond, suggesting that the occurrence of immune response may be related to heredity. Smoking and drinking alcohol will reduce the body's humoral and cellular immune functions, which will lead to poor immune response.

因此在全程注射完該疫苗一個(gè)月后，應(yīng)及時(shí)檢測乙肝表面抗體。

Therefore, one month after the entire injection of the vaccine, the hepatitis B surface antibody should be detected in time.

抗體濃度越高，保護(hù)能力也就越強(qiáng)。隨著時(shí)間的推移，乙肝抗體滴度會慢慢降低，當(dāng)小于10mIU/ml時(shí)就應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)接種乙肝疫苗。乙肝疫苗接種是預(yù)防乙肝的可靠方法，但也不是絕對的和一勞永逸的。

The higher the antibody concentration, the stronger the protective ability. As time goes by, the hepatitis B antibody titer will gradually decrease. When it is less than 10mIU/ml, the hepatitis B vaccine should be intensified. Hepatitis B vaccination is a reliable way to prevent hepatitis B, but it is not absolute and once and for all.

接種后一定要檢驗(yàn)接種效果和抗-HBs滴度，并根據(jù)抗-HBs滴度情況適時(shí)復(fù)測，當(dāng)?shù)味刃∮诒Ｗo(hù)值時(shí)，要及時(shí)補(bǔ)種，使體內(nèi)經(jīng)常保持有效的抗-HBs滴度，這樣才能有效地預(yù)防乙肝病毒感染，真正達(dá)到預(yù)防乙肝的目的。

After vaccination, the inoculation effect and anti-HBs titer must be checked, and the anti-HBs titer should be re-tested in time. When the titer is less than the protective value, timely replanting is required to keep the effective anti-HBs titer in the body. , So as to effectively prevent hepatitis B virus infection and truly achieve the goal of preventing hepatitis B.

很多人誤認(rèn)為乙肝疫苗是終身免疫疫苗，只要產(chǎn)生抗體就再也不會被感染乙肝病毒了，但事實(shí)并非如此。大量研究表明接種疫苗后三年，保護(hù)率在80%以上。就是說注射乙肝疫苗之后的3～5年，乙肝抗體滴度會逐漸下降，應(yīng)及時(shí)檢查補(bǔ)打乙肝疫苗加強(qiáng)針。

Many people mistakenly believe that hepatitis B vaccine is a lifelong immunization vaccine, as long as antibodies are produced, they will never be infected with hepatitis B virus again, but this is not the case. A large number of studies have shown that the protection rate is more than 80% three years after vaccination. That is to say, 3 to 5 years after the hepatitis B vaccine injection, the hepatitis B antibody titer will gradually decrease, and the hepatitis B vaccine booster injection should be checked in time.

對于滴度不太高或者滴度下降較快的人群建議每年到醫(yī)院檢查體內(nèi)的乙肝抗體情況。另外注射疫苗尚未產(chǎn)生抗體的時(shí)間段也是感染的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)期。

For people whose titer is not too high or the titer declines quickly, it is recommended to go to the hospital to check the hepatitis B antibody in the body every year. In addition, the time period during which the vaccine has not yet produced antibodies is also a high-risk period of infection.

有足夠濃度的抗體，對于一般性的接觸可以完全避免感染。但是如果大量的病毒進(jìn)入體內(nèi)那就無法保證安全，比如輸血。

With sufficient concentration of antibody, infection can be completely avoided for general contact. However, safety cannot be guaranteed if a large amount of virus enters the body, such as blood transfusion.

隨著醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)步，此現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)得到有效地控制，但是難以杜絕。常見的高危人群還有器官移植者、血液透析者等。

With the advancement of medicine, this phenomenon has been effectively controlled, but it is difficult to prevent it. Common high-risk groups include organ transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients.

Hepatitis B virus mutation

少數(shù)人接種乙肝疫苗后產(chǎn)生了高滴度的乙肝抗體，但仍患了乙肝，主要是因?yàn)?b>乙肝病毒是一種高度變異的病毒，它發(fā)生變異后，可變成新結(jié)構(gòu)、新屬性的病毒變異體，原來體內(nèi)的抗體對新的變異株沒有免疫力，就失去了防護(hù)作用。所以說，注射乙肝疫苗產(chǎn)生抗體也不能完全杜絕乙肝的傳播，只能是最大限度的進(jìn)行保護(hù)。

A small number of people have developed high-titer hepatitis B antibodies after being vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, but they still suffer from hepatitis B, mainly because hepatitis B virus is a highly mutated virus. After it mutates, it can become a virus with new structure and new attributes. Body, the antibody in the original body does not have immunity to the new mutant strain, so it loses its protective effect. Therefore, the injection of hepatitis B vaccine to produce antibodies cannot completely prevent the spread of hepatitis B, but can only protect it to the utmost extent.

 

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